All children will have some good days and some no good, very bad days. And many will act out sometimes. They may even argue, talkback, throw a fit or defy you. But with maturity and proper parental guidance, many children grow out of these behavioral issues. However, for those children who don’t, and it starts to affect their social, family and schooling, they may be demonstrating the symptoms of对立违抗性障碍(ODD).
“ODD is a disruptive behavioral disorder in children and adolescents that is characterized by intense and pervasive episodes of defiance, non-compliance to rules and poor tolerance to frustration,” said Srinivas Dannaram, MD, a psychiatrist with横幅雷鸟医疗中心在亚利桑那州格伦代尔。“奇怪的是对家庭和学校的普遍性，导致功能障碍，关系挑战和纪律问题。”
您可能会发现您的孩子或青少年有时是反抗，叛逆或对立的，但这并不一定意味着他们有奇怪的心理健康状况。也就是说，如果您有疑问，请继续阅读以了解更多有关ODD的信息以及您可以做些什么来帮助您的孩子。
反对反抗疾病的症状是什么？
Sometimes it can be difficult to pinpoint or recognize the difference between a strong-willed or emotional child versus ODD as it’s normal for children to exhibit oppositional behavior at different developmental stages. However, if you notice their behaviors start to have a negative impact on your child, family, school and social life, you’ll want to talk to their doctor.
奇数的严重程度可能从轻度到重度变化。对于温和的情况，症状仅限于一种环境，例如在家，学校或同龄人。对于中等病例，在两种情况下发生症状。对于严重的情况，它们发生在三个或更多的环境中。Dannaram博士说：“对于某些孩子，您可能首先在家中看到症状，但是随着时间的流逝，这些症状可能会流血到孩子生活的其他领域。”
是什么引起对立反抗疾病？
没有一个特定的理由很奇怪,但它可能result from a combination of biological and environmental factors, Dr. Dannaram said.
他说：“有一些风险因素在与环境互动时可能会导致奇怪。”其中一些风险因素包括：
- Prenatal problems:low birth weight, complications during pregnancy and around childbirth
- 性别：Male children are at higher risk to have ODD than female children
- 家庭问题：Harsh or inconsistent discipline,家庭暴力, parental antisocial behavior, parental mental health orsubstance abuse和亲子冲突
- 气质：冲动，注意力不集中，侵略性和难以调节情绪
- 环境/社会：Rejection by peers, association with deviant peers or siblings,被欺负, dysfunctional and disorganized schools
如何被诊断出对立反抗疾病？
您的孩子的医生将介绍他们的医疗和家族史，并询问您孩子的症状以及其他情绪或行为问题。如果您的医生认为您的孩子表现出奇怪的迹象，他们可能会建议一名有执照的行为健康专家，他们将进行评估以确认诊断。
“Most often this assessment will involve talking to the patient, parents and the school,” Dr. Dannaram. “The evaluation is important as well so you can rule out other conditions that might mimic ODD or to better understand the severity of your child’s ODD.”
For your child to be被诊断为奇数, they must have a pattern of angry/irritable moods, argumentative/defiant behavior or vindictiveness that lasts at least 6 months including at least four of the following symptoms:
- 经常发脾气
- 经常敏感或容易烦恼
- Is often angry and resentful
- 经常与权威人物或成年人争论
- 通常积极抗拒或拒绝遵守权威人物或规则的请求
- 经常故意惹恼别人
- 经常归咎于别人的错误和行为不当
- Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past 6 months
如何治疗对立反抗疾病？
如果您看到孩子或青少年的奇数症状，请立即将其诊断出来，因为早期治疗是有益的。
“Early treatment is helpful as it is easy to intervene and address symptoms that haven’t become intense or pervasive yet,” Dr. Dannaram said. “Early identification, adequate support through education and therapeutic interventions are helpful.”
When it comes to treatment, there are several options for ODD. Treatment strategies may involve in-home treatment to observe child-parent interactions and advise parents on how to improve communication and positive behaviors. Treatment will also focus on helping your child learn how to better manage their anger and handle frustrations by developing problem-solving skills.药物andbehavioral therapy可能有助于更多的奇怪症状以及多动症和注意力不集中的症状。
Tips to help a child with oppositional defiant disorder
You may feel helpless as a parent if your child has ODD, but there are ways to help your child at home and in school. Dr. Dannaram shared the following suggestions:
- 使用积极的育儿：赞美并提供积极的强化。
- 给他们一对一的时间：Help build trust and emotional relationships.
- 进行积极的沟通：Maintain eye contact and use a calm voice while talking to them.
- 在规则上保持一致：遵循旨在理解和帮助的指导。不要构成空旷的威胁。
- Find out the why:处理崩溃的情节，让您的孩子开放并解释他们的故事的一面，或者为什么他们如此沮丧。也许他们在学校很难或结交朋友。
- 地址在学校欺负：参与并与学校合作采用行为策略，以帮助您的孩子克服行为问题。
- Don’t give up:您的孩子可能会称呼您名字或展示身体上的攻击行为，但提醒自己您并不是一个坏父母，而且不是个人的。授权自己了解有关奇数和治疗的更多信息，并接触到执照的行为健康专家求助。
您可以找到横幅健康专家主頁(欢迎您)通过访问bannerhealth.com。并查看“为您或您的孩子选择合适的治疗师”有关如何找到合适的技巧的有用提示。
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