“The placenta is an unrecognized hero of pregnancy,” said希瑟·里德，医学博士，一个obgyn横幅 - 北大学医学in Tucson, AZ. So, when the placenta becomes impaired, some extra TLC is usually needed.
We spoke with Dr. Reed to get a better understanding of the disorders associated with pregnancy’s unsung hero and to learn how expectant mothers can minimize risk.
什么是胎盘？
怀孕期间附着在子宫壁上，胎盘可为胎儿提供氧气和营养。该器官还会过滤胎儿废物，同时保护胎儿免受细菌和感染的影响。尽管医学在监测胎盘方面已经走了很长一段路，但里德博士说，我们通常对胎盘的发育和功能几乎没有控制。这意味着胎盘疾病可能很普遍，需要大量监测。
里德博士向我们介绍了三种常见的胎盘疾病以及准妈妈应如何应对其相关风险。
Disorder 1: Abnormal placentation
简而言之，异常的胎盘是胎盘位于错误的位置时。该疾病被归类为胎盘预胎或胎盘染色。
和placenta previa，胎盘覆盖了子宫颈的开口。美国怀孕协会指出，胎盘预告会影响每200名女性中有1个在三个月中，在经历以下更多事情的女性中更为普遍：
- More than one child
- Acesarean birth
- Surgery on the uterus
- 双胞胎或三胞胎
Both before and during childbirth, placenta previa can cause vaginal bleeding. This bleeding can be severe and may need medical treatment.
胎盘Accreta, meanwhile, is rarer, occurring in about1 in 2,500 pregnancies。和this disorder, the placenta grows too far into the uterine wall — either onto the uterine wall muscle (accreta), partially through the muscle (increta), or through the entire muscle and attaching to surrounding organs (percreta). This is a serious condition and can cause a lot of vaginal bleeding during the third trimester, as well as postpartum hemorrhaging. Placenta accreta also can result in early cesarean delivery, and sometimes evenhysterectomy。
Dr. Reed said most patients with abnormal placentation require an extended hospital stay after delivery because the severity of complications can be hard to predict, and close monitoring is crucial.
“Not that we’re trying to scare our patients,” she clarified, “but we need them to be ready for some uncertainty. There’s no ‘magic cure.’”
疾病2：胎盘破裂
When the placenta pulls away from the wall of the uterus, it’s known asplacental abruption。有时，这种分离是部分的，而其他时候则是完全分离的。胎盘破裂是最常见的胎盘疾病，每100次怀孕大约发生1例。
Dr. Reed explained that it can be very serious, can happen quite unexpectedly, and potentially puts both the mother’s and baby’s life in danger. Fetuses need the placenta for oxygen and nutrients — so when the placenta detaches, that’s a serious problem. Common symptoms include vaginal bleeding, uterine/abdominal pain, continuous contractions and fetal heart rate abnormalities.
Disorder 3: Placental insufficiency
Occurring aboutonce in every 300 pregnancies, placental insufficiency is when the placenta doesn’t deliver the normal amount of nutrition to the fetus. This can cause less fetal movement during pregnancy, early delivery, low birth weight and sometimes even流产。
常见的风险因素placental insufficiency包括：
- Preeclampsia
- Diabetes
- 吸烟或休闲吸毒
- 血液凝结问题或使用稀释药物
Placental insufficiency can interfere with the baby’s growth in the womb. In these cases, Dr. Reed said physicians must weigh the risk of keeping the baby in the womb versus delivering it prematurely. This can mean assessing things day by day.常规超声help with decision-making.
里德博士说：“对于患者来说，这种不确定性可能非常恐怖。”“与您的医生进行沟通并共同制定治疗计划是您作为患者可以做的最重要的事情。”
改进护理
Dr. Reed noted that procedures and outcomes for handling these disorders have come a long way.
Nowadays, physicians are much better at diagnosing abnormal placentation, placental abruption, placental insufficiency and other related issues. The key to reducing complications once a placental disorder is diagnosed is regular monitoring, and the tools for monitoring have become a lot more sophisticated. MRI studies, Dr. Reed explained, have made it much easier to locate the placenta, and ultrasounds can precisely measure fetal growth and placental health. Additionally, there’s now a much deeper understanding about how substance abuse and poorly controlled chronic conditions impact pregnancy.
Have more questions about pregnancy and potential risk factors to consider? Speak to your health care provider orvwin.comac德赢官方首页 at bannerhealth.com. You might also like these related articles:
- I Have a High-Risk Pregnancy, Now What?
- 6 Tips to Ensure a Healthy Pregnancy When You Have an Autoimmune Disorder
- Prenatal Screenings and Tests: What to Expect Every Trimester
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