You’ve probably heard about recent outbreaks of measles in the United States. So, how dangerous is this viral infection, why does it seem to be resurfacing and what does this mean to you?
麻疹是一种高度传染性的传染性病毒性疾病。在全球范围内，每年都有超过10万人死亡的原因。麻疹于2000年在美国根除，但由于越来越多的未接种催化的人，它已经重新替换了。现在已经有几个州，最近经历过麻疹爆发。
Because measles is so contagious, anyone who is not vaccinated is at the greatest risk of contracting it. Up to 90% of the people who are not immune and encounter a person infected with the measles will also become infected. This, unfortunately, includes infants who are too young to be vaccinated as well as those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical reasons.
We’ve spoken to our experts Dr. David Moromisato, Dr. Devin Minior,Dr. Michelle Ruha和Gina Montion博士for answers to some important questions regarding measles and the MMR vaccine. Below is a brief summary of their responses. To learn more, visit our YouTube page to查看完整的访谈.
问题：我的症状是什么？asles？
矿业博士：曝光后症状出现7至12天，但可能需要21天才能表现出来。麻疹的症状包括高烧，咳嗽，流鼻涕和红色，水汪汪的眼睛。感染后几天可能出现的症状包括口腔内部和/或皮疹内部的微小白色斑点。它通常从侧面展开的脸上沿着平坦的红色斑点开始。麻疹的并发症包括耳感染，腹泻，肺炎，脑炎 - 脑肿胀 - 甚至死亡。麻疹也可能导致孕妇过早地生育或具有低出生体重的婴儿。
问：什么是MMR疫苗？孩子们什么时候收到MMR疫苗？它有多有效？
蒙蒂主博士：MMR是麻疹，腮腺炎和风疹的疫苗。CDC建议在12到15个月的年龄在12到15个月内施用第一剂量，并且在四到六岁以上的第二剂量。MMR疫苗非常安全可有效。一剂疫苗有约93％的有效性，两剂量的疫苗有效约97％。
问：MMR疫苗的副作用和/或风险是多少？
Dr. Ruha:MMR疫苗的可能副作用包括来自射击，发热，轻度皮疹和关节中暂时的疼痛和刚度的疮或腿。疫苗存在罕见的不良事件，但感染性疾病的不良事件如麻疹，更有可能。
问：MMR疫苗是否会导致自闭症？
Dr. Ruha:美国和其他国家的科学家研究了MMR射击，发现了MMR射击和自闭症之间没有联系。
Q: Does the MMR vaccine cause measles, mumps or rubella?
Dr. Ruha:MMR疫苗含有削弱的活麻疹，腮腺炎和风疹病毒。这些刺激了你的免疫系统，但实际上并没有导致健康人民的疾病。
问：疫苗有毒吗？
Dr. Ruha:Some ingredients in vaccines might look frightening to parents who are not members of the scientific or medical community. What is important for them to know is that vaccines are not toxic. Vaccines may contain small traces of necessary chemicals and preservatives, but doses are safe if administered according to the CDC’s vaccination schedule.
问：牛群免疫力是什么？它为什么如此重要？维持畜群免疫需要哪个门槛？
摩洛哥士博士：Herd immunity is the resistance to the spread of contagious diseases within a population. It is important to prevent the spread of infectious diseases like measles and to avoid outbreaks of those diseases. By maintaining herd immunity, the community is able to protect those who are too young to receive vaccination, and those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical reasons (e.g. compromised immune systems, allergies to vaccines). The threshold to maintain herd immunity is a vaccination rate of roughly 95%. Any community below that threshold is at risk of an outbreak.
Q: What should parents do if they are traveling to an outbreak site with an unvaccinated infant?
蒙蒂主博士：Infants receive some immunity from their mothers at birth but not enough to prevent the contraction of measles if exposed. Discuss with your pediatrician if you have any planned travel internationally or to locations within the United States where a measles outbreak is present. It is recommended that infants get an additional MMR vaccine as young as six months old if any international travel is planned. Your pediatrician will determine if early vaccination is also necessary for travel within the U.S. Children who receive a dose of the vaccine before 12 months of age should still get the recommended routine doses at 12-15 months and four to six years of age.
问：在发生疫情的情况下，父母可以保护孩子免受麻疹暴露的方式？
摩洛哥士博士：父母保护孩子的最好方法from measles is to vaccinate them in accordance with the CDC vaccination schedule. Other ways for parents to protect their children in the event of a measles outbreak include:
- 限制在空间中花费的时间，如建筑物和飞机的循环空气。
- Limiting time spent in places where there are large populations of children, such as e.g. daycare, parks, museums, etc.
- A mask, however, measles can be contracted through the eyes, nose or mouth, so a mask will not fully protect your child in the event of an outbreak.
Q: What should you do if you think you [or your child] has the measles?
矿业博士：接触your primary care provider by phone to let them know that you or your child may have been exposed to measles and/or are experiencing symptoms. They will let you know when it is ok to visit their offices so as to not expose others. If you or your child do not have a health care provider, you may need to be seen at your local hospital emergency room or urgent care center. Please call the location before going in to let them know you or your child may have measles. They will provide you with instructions for how to come in so others are not exposed.
如果您对麻疹有更多疑问，请与您的初级保健提供者交谈。到vwin.comac德赢官方首页 , visit: bannerhealth.com.
Meet our Experts
David Moromisato, MD, is a pediatric critical care specialist and chief medical officer of Banner Children’s at Cardon Children’s Medical Center.
Devin Minior, MD, is an emergency medicine physician and chief medical officer of Banner Urgent Care. Dr. Minior has three children of his own who are all vaccinated.
Michelle Ruha，MD，是横幅健康的医疗毒理学家。主頁(欢迎您)Ruha博士有一个她自己接种疫苗的孩子。
Gina Montion, MD，是横幅健康的儿科医生。主頁(欢迎您)蒙蒂吉博士有两个她自己的两个孩子都接种了疫苗。
